It is also dishonest to try to see cards as they are dealt, or to take advantage of having seen a card. Should a card accidentally become exposed, visible to all , any player can demand a redeal all the cards are gathered up, and the shuffle, cut, and deal are repeated or that the card be replaced randomly into the deck "burning" it and a replacement dealt from the top to the player who was to receive the revealed card.

When the deal is complete, all players pick up their cards, or "hand", and hold them in such a way that the faces can be seen by the holder of the cards but not the other players, or vice versa depending on the game.

It is helpful to fan one's cards out so that if they have corner indices all their values can be seen at once. In most games, it is also useful to sort one's hand, rearranging the cards in a way appropriate to the game.

For example, in a trick-taking game it may be easier to have all one's cards of the same suit together, whereas in a rummy game one might sort them by rank or by potential combinations.

A new card game starts in a small way, either as someone's invention, or as a modification of an existing game.

Those playing it may agree to change the rules as they wish. The rules that they agree on become the "house rules" under which they play the game.

When a game becomes sufficiently popular, so that people often play it with strangers, there is a need for a generally accepted set of rules.

This need is often met when a particular set of house rules becomes generally recognized. For example, when Whist became popular in 18th-century England , players in the Portland Club agreed on a set of house rules for use on its premises.

Players in some other clubs then agreed to follow the "Portland Club" rules, rather than go to the trouble of codifying and printing their own sets of rules.

The Portland Club rules eventually became generally accepted throughout England and Western cultures. There is nothing static or "official" about this process.

For the majority of games, there is no one set of universal rules by which the game is played, and the most common ruleset is no more or less than that.

Many widely played card games, such as Canasta and Pinochle , have no official regulating body. The most common ruleset is often determined by the most popular distribution of rulebooks for card games.

Perhaps the original compilation of popular playing card games was collected by Edmund Hoyle , a self-made authority on many popular parlor games.

The U. Playing Card Company now owns the eponymous Hoyle brand, and publishes a series of rulebooks for various families of card games that have largely standardized the games' rules in countries and languages where the rulebooks are widely distributed.

However, players are free to, and often do, invent "house rules" to supplement or even largely replace the "standard" rules.

If there is a sense in which a card game can have an "official" set of rules, it is when that card game has an "official" governing body.

For example, the rules of tournament bridge are governed by the World Bridge Federation , and by local bodies in various countries such as the American Contract Bridge League in the U.

The rules of Poker 's variants are largely traditional, but enforced by the World Series of Poker and the World Poker Tour organizations which sponsor tournament play.

Even in these cases, the rules must only be followed exactly at games sanctioned by these governing bodies; players in less formal settings are free to implement agreed-upon supplemental or substitute rules at will.

An infraction is any action which is against the rules of the game, such as playing a card when it is not one's turn to play or the accidental exposure of a card, informally known as "bleeding.

In many official sets of rules for card games, the rules specifying the penalties for various infractions occupy more pages than the rules specifying how to play correctly.

This is tedious, but necessary for games that are played seriously. Players who intend to play a card game at a high level generally ensure before beginning that all agree on the penalties to be used.

When playing privately, this will normally be a question of agreeing house rules. In a tournament there will probably be a tournament director who will enforce the rules when required and arbitrate in cases of doubt.

If a player breaks the rules of a game deliberately, this is cheating. The rest of this section is therefore about accidental infractions, caused by ignorance, clumsiness, inattention, etc.

As the same game is played repeatedly among a group of players, precedents build up about how a particular infraction of the rules should be handled.

For example, "Sheila just led a card when it wasn't her turn. Last week when Jo did that, we agreed Sets of house rules may become formalized, as described in the previous section.

Therefore, for some games, there is a "proper" way of handling infractions of the rules. But for many games, without governing bodies, there is no standard way of handling infractions.

In many circumstances, there is no need for special rules dealing with what happens after an infraction. As a general principle, the person who broke a rule should not benefit by it, and the other players should not lose by it.

An exception to this may be made in games with fixed partnerships, in which it may be felt that the partner s of the person who broke a rule should also not benefit.

The penalty for an accidental infraction should be as mild as reasonable, consistent with there being no possible benefit to the person responsible.

The oldest surviving reference to the card game in world history is from the 9th century China , when the Collection of Miscellanea at Duyang , written by Tang-dynasty writer Su E, described Princess Tongchang daughter of Emperor Yizong of Tang playing the " leaf game " with members of the Wei clan the family of the princess' husband in The most notable examples of such tile sets are dominoes , mahjong tiles and Rummikub tiles.

Chinese dominoes are also available as playing cards. It is not clear whether Emperor Muzong of Liao really played with domino cards as early as , though.

Playing cards first appeared in Europe in the last quarter of the 14th century. The s in Italy saw the invention of the tarot deck , a full Latin-suited deck augmented by suitless cards with painted motifs that played a special role as trumps.

Tarot card games are still played with subsets of these decks in parts of Central Europe. In the 18th century the card images of the traditional Italian tarot decks became popular in cartomancy and evolved into "esoteric" decks used primarily for the purpose; today most tarot decks sold in North America are the occult type, and are closely associated with fortune telling.

In Europe, "playing tarot" decks remain popular for games, and have evolved since the 18th century to use regional suits spades, hearts, diamonds and clubs in France; leaves, hearts, bells and acorns in Germany as well as other familiar aspects of the English-pattern pack such as corner card indices and "stamped" card symbols for non-court cards.

Decks differ regionally based on the number of cards needed to play the games; the French tarot consists of the "full" 78 cards, while Germanic, Spanish and Italian Tarot variants remove certain values usually low suited cards from the deck, creating a deck with as few as 32 cards.

The French suits were introduced around and, in France, mostly replaced the earlier Latin suits of swords , clubs , cups and coins.

This drastically simplifies the production of a deck of cards versus the traditional Italian deck, which used unique full-color art for each card in the deck.

The French suits became popular in English playing cards in the 16th century despite historic animosity between France and England , and from there were introduced to British colonies including North America.

The rise of Western culture has led to the near-universal popularity and availability of French-suited playing cards even in areas with their own regional card art.

In Japan, a distinct card hanafuda deck is popular. It is derived from 16th-century Portuguese decks, after undergoing a long evolution driven by laws enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate attempting to ban the use of playing cards.

The best-known deck internationally is the English pattern of the card French deck, also called the International or Anglo-American pattern, used for such games as poker and contract bridge.

It contains one card for each unique combination of thirteen ranks and the four French suits spades , hearts , diamonds , and clubs. The ranks from highest to lowest in bridge and poker are ace , king , queen , jack or knave , and the numbers from ten down to two or deuce.

The trump cards and knight cards from the French playing tarot are not included. Weitere Informationen finden Sie in unserer Datenschutzhinweise.

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